The heuristic function \(\eta_{ij} \left( t \right)\) was calculated based on the distance and angle from the current node to the target node. It makes path search more directional. A pheromone ...

To model the environment, targets, and obstacles are modeled as geometrical shapes and stored in a data structure, e.g., a graph, whose nodes and edges are represented by points and lines 10. UAVs ...

Many people are taking care of the service which instantly finds the shortest route to the destination, such as a car navigation application or a smartphone map application, but most people who know ...