A concern with intentional weight loss among middle-aged and older adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the loss of lean mass, which may lead to declining physical function.

Impaired pulmonary function is associated with increased mortality and risk factor of sudden death 1,2. Spirometry is commonly performed to measure pulmonary function 3. Key metrics obtained from this ...

Current approaches to diagnosing testosterone deficiency do not consider the physiological consequences of various testosterone levels or whether deficiencies of testosterone, estradiol, or both ...