The goal of a machine learning binary classification problem is to predict a variable that has exactly two possible values. For example, you might want to predict the sex of a company employee (male = ...

Texture is a crucial visual and sensory attribute in understanding the world. The complexity of imaging environments, variations in acquisition angles and distances, and differences in resolution make ...

Neural networks are reported to be vulnerable under minor and imperceptible attacks. The underlying mechanism and quantitative measure of the vulnerability still remains to be revealed. In this study, ...